Whirlpool Corp—A Michigan Job Creation “Success Story”: Dodging Taxes & Profiting from Poverty
I have been following and writing about Public Act 4, the Emergency Manager law, since it was passed in March of 2011. The first impacts of the changes made by this law hit in Benton Harbor, Michigan. A tiny town on the shores of Lake Michigan, it has only 10,000 residents according to the 2010 census with over half of the people living below the poverty line.
Yet in the middle of this desperate town sits the world headquarters of Whirlpool Corporation. Even through the recent recession, the company consistently posted profits north of $200 million per quarter. Though they once employed a significant number of Benton Harborites, this is no longer true — manufacturing there ended in early 2011. The headquarters, however, is growing and construction is in progress.
How is it that a successful company like Whirlpool remains in a place like Benton Harbor, with all of its poverty and despair? The answer is that it has been and continues to be highly profitable for the company to do so. Though the company employs few locals, Whirlpool has much to gain from exploiting the poverty of Benton Harbor as the gentrification of the city rushes forward.
Jonathan Mahler of the New York Times Magazine recently wrote a comprehensive piece about the plight of Benton Harbor. I gave his piece a good review, and was able to guest-post a piece on the Times Magazine’s The 6th Floor Blog, where I talked more broadly about the impact of P.A. 4 on Benton Harbor and our state. Mahler concludes that although Whirlpool isn’t necessarily the “good guy,” it would like everyone to believe it is; the company may, in fact, be the only answer for Benton Harbor.
In an essay for In These Times, Roger Bybee takes strong exception to this conclusion:
Despite Mahler’s moving and insightful description of a de-industrialized city being re-shaped by those who destroyed the economic base, with the victims being deprived of any voice, he fails to point out several fundamental features:
- Those harmed most by past corporate decisions are treated as disposable people standing in the way of corporate-defined reconstruction.
- Democracy and public participation are early victims to this process.
- With corporate elites having shrunken government’s public-interest role in planning and economic development, major “job-creation projects” must be shaped around generating profit with the needs of the majority a negligible concern.
But despite all the rhetoric about corporations rushing to the rescue of troubled cities–whether New Orleans, Benton Harbor, or Racine—massive public subsidies to CEOs advocating “free enterprise” are an essential element.
It’s a formula for private benefit with public funding, for a distorted form of “development” devoid of democracy or public benefit.
Bybee’s piece is compelling and suggests a closer look at the role that Whirlpool has played (and is playing) is warranted.
Whirlpool’s exploitation of the situation in Benton Harbor likely goes back more than a decade, but we can start with the turn of the millenium. A former official with the Southwest Michigan (SWM) Airport board recently told me that Whirlpool benefited significantly from a connection with U.S. Congressman Fred Upton:
I am a former elected and appointed official from Stevensville who was on the SWM airport board. While I appreciate that you expanded the facts for Rachel Maddow’s show, there is much more. During the time I was serving, I had a considerable number of flights in and out of that airport. It is not well known that Northwest airlines received a ticket subsidy for every seat in and out of the airport. That lasted for two years, which is just the time the airport serviced the public commercially. It was required to service commercially in order to receive federal funding for the airport’s runway extensions and electronic navigation aid updates. Of course, this coincided with Whirlpool’s purchase of a new jet which required a longer runway and new navigation electronics. The person who supported the bill to subsidize the tickets? Fred Upton.
You mention the upgrade of local property values, and do not mention the Upton’s property in close proximity (2 blocks).
While nothing is illegal about these things, I just felt that the focus has been on benefiting Whirlpool and Whirlpool’s heirs, and not the general population. I [have connections] with the Uptons in northern Virginia, so this is not a personal attack, just an observation. For so long in Congress, I am really surprised at the fiscal conservatism applied to the constituents and not the person or the corporate beneficiary.
[A2P Notes: According to campaign finance information, Whirlpool’s PAC has donated $84,170 to Upton’s campaigns, putting Whirlpool’s PAC at number four on the list of the Congressman’s top donors, behind AT&T ($99,600) and the Ford Motor Company ($86,900).]
Indeed, in addition to the ticket subsidies, the SWM Airport received an earmark for fiscal year 2011 as part of a nearly $1 billion allocation in discretionary grants, which coincides with the expansion of the runway.
Whirlpool is also an integral part of a development group in Benton Harbor known as the Cornerstone Alliance. In fact, many would argue that Cornerstone Alliance is Whirlpool. Non-profit, investigative reporting site TruthOut.org reported in May 2011: “To keep a clean public image, Whirlpool funds and largely controls a nonprofit in Benton Harbor called the Cornerstone Alliance, which has a revolving door with Whirlpool and the Whirlpool Foundation for its staff members and employees. Cornerstone has long served the interests of Whirlpool in Benton Harbor, creating a façade through which the company can pass off its actions as being in the interests of ‘the community.'”
Cornerstone Alliance has been aggressively developing whatever property it can procure in Benton Harbor. The company is the developer of the Harbor Shores luxury golf community that has received a great deal of attention, in part because developers convinced city officials to lease part of Jean Klock Park to them.
Jean Klock Park was deeded to the city in perpetuity but with the help of a city attorney who later went to work for Cornerstone, they secured a decades-long lease for three holes of their Jack Nicklaus Signature golf course. In the process, acres of shoreline dunes were deforested for a golf course where the annual fee exceeds the average annual income of Benton Harbor residents. An interactive panoramic of the area affected can be seen HERE. Before and after pictures can be seen HERE (courtesy of Protect Jean Klock Park.)
In exchange for this precious piece of public land (which is the primary reason Harbor Shores can be called “Shores”) the city exchanged land later found to be highly contaminated with industrial waste:
To compensate for the project’s reduction of public parkland, developers have promised to create a new bike path and trail system on a string of parcels along the Paw Paw River and around Benton Harbor. A good bargain if you can get it.
But these properties contain unsafe levels of industrial waste, according to documents recently released by the state in response to Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) requests by project opponents. Critics of the Harbor Shores project say that details of the contamination raise new questions about the propriety of the deal — the land was represented by developers as of equal value to the lakefront park, they say, and creating a construction zone on contaminated land could spread pollution and endanger wetlands.
An April 2, 2007, letter from a hydrologist with the company Earth Tech — stamped “received” by the Department of Environmental Quality on April 5 — states that pollution on the parcels exceeds levels considered safe by the state. The pollutants identified include lead and arsenic, volatile organic compounds and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons.
In other words, Whirlpool’s development arm exchanged contaminated land for pristine duneland on the shore of Lake Michigan.
Whirlpool-backed Cornerstone was also able to procure brownfield redevelopment grants from the State of Michigan to redevelop other contaminated areas, shifting the cost of the clean-up to Michigan taxpayers.
Whirlpool-backed Cornerstone is involved in many other development projects in the city, as well. They have benefited tremendously from the fact that Benton Harbor was a Renaissance Zone. This makes development activities virtually tax-free. However, the developments being pursued do not benefit the poor people of Benton Harbor, they benefit the wealthy developers hoping to make a killing from the Harbor Shores development and the boon they count on it creating. Cornerstone’s “non-profit” status is crucial to this.
The siphoning of public monies through the Cornerstone Alliance continues today. In November of 2011, they received stimulus funds to build 17 homes in a downtown area of Benton Harbor—a development they are calling “Harbor Town.” Unlike the luxury vacation homes being built in Harbor Shores, these more modest homes, less than two dozen of them, will be worth in the area of $125,000 — still far too pricey, however, for most of Benton Harbor’s residents.
Taxes, by the way, are something that Whirlpool doesn’t have to contend with much. Through countless efforts to keep them in Michigan, the company has received a multitude of tax breaks. They received a huge tax break under the Granholm administration when they agreed to build a new headquarters. The city itself has given them significant tax breaks. In fact, Whirlpool not only hasn’t paid a dime in taxes in over three years: In May 2011 Think Progress reported that Whirlpool is one of the country’s many corporate tax dodgers paying no federal taxes for the previous three years, and in 2010 receiving a $64 million dollar tax refund.
Even now, with Benton Harbor under the control of an Emergency Manager, Whirlpool and Cornerstone continue to harvest development funds from the destitution of the city. City Commissioner Marcus Muhammad and others are questioning how such a profitable “non-profit” can be using HUD funds for their own benefit while just blocks away are neighborhoods full of poor families, abandoned homes and desolation. From a November Herald-Palladium article (no longer online but excerpted HERE):
The Benton Harbor City Commission wants an investigation into agreements over city property between Cornerstone Alliance and Emergency Manager Joseph Harris.
The commission unanimously passed two resolutions Monday night – one that asked for an investigation of Cornerstone Alliance by the U.S. Attorney General, Michigan Attorney General and the FBI, and a second that asked for an investigation by the Michigan Attorney General, the U.S. Attorney General and the IRS into the city’s water rates. […]
Harris has said the city’s water rates will increase by 50 percent, and could increase by up to 100 percent.
The commissioners questioned the legality of raising rates by that much.
[Commissioner Marcus] Muhammad read from a list of 87 Cornerstone Alliance-owned properties that he said the organization is not paying taxes on. About 70 of the properties are in Benton Harbor, while the remaining on the list are in Benton Township and St. Joseph. […]
Muhammad said Cornerstone Alliance has gotten millions of dollars in developer fees for its role in the Neighborhood Stabilization Program 2 while paying $1 for property.
“What kind of corruption and organized crime is that?” Muhammad asked.
Whirlpool/Cornerstone clearly would like to reshape Benton Harbor in the image of its sister city across the river, St. Joseph. The contrast between the cities is stark, with Benton Harbor’s population 89+ percent African American and poor and St. Joseph’s population 88+ percent white and wealthy. Cornerstone had the audacity to make a game out of getting community members to highlight the worst places in Benton Harbor. In the May issue of their newsletter Cornerstone Chamber Insider (pdf) they introduced a project called “75 Viewpoints.”
The Good, Bad, & Ugly . . .
If you have a camera, an opinion, and a little free time, you can play a critical role as a catalyst for change right here in Michigan’s Great Southwest. Cornerstone Alliance has launched “75 Viewpoints,” a dynamic project designed to point up the good, bad and ugly of our area as we work to maximize the first impressions of golf fans from around the world who will be visiting the 2012 Senior PGA Championship presented by KitchenAid at the Golf Club at Harbor Shores. Volunteers are being asked to take 10 to 25 photos of things in the area that drive you crazy and need to be fixed…and another 10 to 25 photos of things around town that they love and would like to see more of. It’s actually a project that your entire family can take part in. So, what are the amenities that we love, and the eyesores that need to be remedied or eliminated? If you would like to be one of the 75 people offering their viewpoints, please fill out the form that accompanied this newsletter, or contact Jamie at 269-757-0207.
Whether or not Jonathan Mahler is right about Whirlpool being the salvation of Benton Harbor remains to be seen. What is clear is that, if they are, it will be because they have very deliberately used the city’s desperate situation, in part caused by Whirlpool’s outsourcing of manufacturing jobs to other countries, to direct taxpayer monies into their own bank accounts. If Whirlpool saves Benton Harbor, it will likely because they were able to steal Benton Harbor from the largely black, poor residents who live there—a scam underwritten, in part, by taxpayers.
Maybe they’ll rename the town Upton Harbor.
I was referring to the comments you cited by Marcus Muhammad accusing Cornerstone of not paying property taxes. Regarding your first suggestion; please investigate the state and federal investments in Benton Harbor neighborhoods. You will find millions of dollars spent in just the way you describe. There are several organizations in Benton Harbor dedicated to assisting new businesses and job seekers. Many are funded through a combination of public and private donations. Please investigate the cost per student in Benton Harbor v. other schools in Michigan and you will find that they are not the lowest by any means. There is a culture of poverty that is very difficult to break and it has been proven that more money can’t fix it. I agree with you completely that it is about changing the attitudes. I hope you investigate what has been done to help over the last twenty years and then see how much has been accomplished. (Very little because it has always been 1 step forward and 2 steps back.) At some point, the residents of any community are going to have to take responsibility because nobody else can change an attitude except each person their own. There are a lot of well-meaning and well-intentioned people who have come in and tried to make Benton Harbor a better community. Maybe it is altruistic, maybe not, I wouldn’t judge that but I can see whether or not there have been any positive results. The last three to four years have seen some very positive changes in the downtown area. I think there is hope for the community and I think it is in everyone’s best interest to see the community improve – on both sides of the river. No organization can do it alone (it just might take a village) and it does not help anyone when journalists criticize efforts without getting all of the facts. Why don’t you come to Benton Harbor and invest a year of your life trying to make the city a better place? I would be very interested in hearing your viewpoint after you’ve walked the walk. I worked there for several years and saw progress being made and then destroyed because of the pervasive negative attitudes of some residents and many of the city leaders. Keep investigating but please investigate both sides. Telling the whole truth might actually make some folks sit up and take a little responsibility for their own future.
Jane, you are part of the system. I agree, you are a newcomer. I bet you are willing to learn what it feels like on the other side of the river…I hope you do. I have been there too often and, as a white privileged person, it is horrifying. The Cornerstone developments, the golf course, the gentrification using artists to boost the hip quality; all part of an agenda that leaves out the people. I kept wondering; where are the city rec programs, the tennis courts, the children’s museums, the city museums, the skating rink, the municipal pools, the skateboard parks??? Nearby communities; eg. Kalamazoo – the wealthy give scholarships, art centers, music lessons, skateboard parks, pools, etc etc to help the community. Benton Harbor is being used to jail the citizens for petty crimes to reap the funds related to those crimes – even had officers plant drugs (fortunately, some of officers were locked up for this), had a minister jailed illegally, has the citizens held hostage….how can anyone with a moral conscience live in St. Joe, Michigan??
Jane, use your newcomer status and move over to the other side of the river!!
You’re defending Whirlpool by saying a company that makes hundreds of millions of dollars every quarter paid its property taxes? Really? You know full well (assuming) you clicked through the link, that I’m talking about federal and state taxes. Any you also know full well that they have utilized the Renaissance districts to avoid paying taxes as well.
You seem to think it’s not possible to criticize something as anti-democratic unless I have another solution. I disagree. I suggest that when you strip away the powers of a democratically-elected group of local leaders, no matter how poorly they have functioned, you disqualify your “solution”. But, just to humor you, let’s start with these ideas:
1. Invest in urban renewal in our urban areas. Repair crumbling infrastructure, neighborhoods and help businesses get started.
2. Get aggressive about fixing schools, particularly in troubled areas like Flint, Pontiac, Benton Harbor and Detroit where mismanagement has resulted in the situation we find ourselves in today. I’m not talking about coming in and privatizing everything in sight to save a buck. I’m talking about a full frontal assault on changing parents’ and students’ attitudes about education, and supporting our schools with enough funding that they can function.
3. Work with the local leaders to become better leaders. The EMs receive training but no such training is offered to city leaders.
Here are a few things that should NOT be done:
1. Strip away funding from schools as Gov Snyder’s budget has done.
2. Reduce revenue sharing, tax monies returned to local governments, as Gov Snyder’s budget has done.
3. Sweep away locally-elected officials and replace them with a single, unelected individual with dictatorial powers as Gov Snyder and his administration have done.
Do my ideas sound long-term and complex? They are.
Just like the problems they are trying to solve.
And, by the way, if these local government officials are corrupt or have broken the law, take legal action. Otherwise, all you are saying is that democracy is a privilege only afforded to those you agree with.
Sorry, the commenting box is acting wonky for me. The first paragraph should have read:
You’re defending Whirlpool by saying a company that makes hundreds of millions of dollars every quarter paid its property taxes? Really? You know full well (assuming you clicked through the link), that I’m talking about federal and state taxes. And you also know full well that they have utilized the Renaissance districts to avoid paying taxes as well.
I notice you do not have any quotes from Cornerstone or anyone currently associated with Whirlpool or Harbor Shores. It also does not appear that you checked the most likely source for some of your facts, the public record. If you check yourself, you will find that Cornerstone has paid the property taxes on all of their property. There are other inaccuracies in your report but instead of correcting each of the points, the more important point is to ask you (and other authors who write about a community they have no real knowledge of) what are your suggestions? What is your 10-point, 5-point, or even 1-point plan to “fix” Benton Harbor? If you don’t want it to rise to the level of the communities surrounding the city, what do you want? What do the residents want? What would you do if Whirlpool pulled its 3,000 employees out of the area – do you think only rich people would suffer? How about every restaurant owner, mom and pop retail store, and every school in the area? What would you do to make it better?
Here’s the story no one will touch. In November, Benton Harborite Timothy Allen was walking home from the hospital in St. Joe when police approached him. That was the last time he was seen and his body was found recently floating in the river. It is not unusual for BH residents to suffer a loss this way…it’s old Mississippi in a geographically isolated part of Mich., and few outsiders know of the horrors.
To say BH is under siege is putting it mildly. Police harassment can be violent and/or sexual (with dogs.) Rev. Edward Pinkney used to hold monthly Community Forums to educate residents on how to stand up for their rights in the Berrien County Courthouse. He also spoke out about Whirlpool stealing land and the takeover of BH. So, he was framed and imprisoned, but after a year, saved by the ACLU. Today he’s a daily court observer. As atty. Buck Davis writes:
“The thrust [of the county courthouse] is to physically remove and destroy families through the use of the criminal justice system. Every person they can put in jail; every person whose voting rights they can revoke with a felony conviction; every person they can cause to lose their job by putting them on probation; every person they can cause to lose the ability to pay for basic necessities through imposing ruinous court costs and probation is all part of the process. In the 1960s, it was called Negro removal. In Bosnia, it was called ethnic cleansing. It could be called genocide, the removal of the minority population for the purpose of redevelopment of the land. That’s what’s happening in Benton Harbor and the foremost leader of the resistance is Rev. Edward Pinkney.”
Outside intervention is desperately needed in this human rights nightmare. The Uptons and Whirlpool are at the helm in Berrien County. St. Joe, Upton’s hometown, has a strange notion of street art which says a lot about the zeitgeist of Berrien County. Can you imagine seeing these sculptures in any other town?
http://bhbanco.blogspot.com/2010/01/this-is-repeat-posting-from-august-2009.html
Check bhbanco.org for more info. on the doings of Wpool, etc.
ps – one of my favorite (not) Mahler NYT sentences: ‘[there] are a lot of people who question the wisdom of pinning the town’s hopes on a golf course but who acknowledge that something is better than nothing.’ “acknowledge” somehow gives legitimacy to the notion that
the only 2 options are nothing or a golf course (Mahler should have used the term ‘world class resort.’)
pss – Occupy the PGA: http://occupythepga.wordpress.com/
Chris I thank you for your work on BH. As an over 40+ yr resident/voter/taxpayer/businessowner of the City of BH, I must say you have, above all whom written, captured a more overall, realistic picture of the climate. One mention, Whirlpool has never, never been HQ’d in BH. There truly is only one Benton Harbor, The City. There is a USPS zip code 49022 and a BHAS’ district, each of the latter BH is apart of. Unlike the City of St. Joseph there is a St. Joseph Chartered Township. Benton Chartered Township is where Whirlpool HQ’s is located as well as area jobs, jobs, jobs. Thanks again, please feel free too contact me, I maybe able to share names, background history…etc. on the ‘eastbank of the St. Joe river.